WHAT IS ENTREPRENEURSHIP .?
Entrepreneurship has traditionally been defined as the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which typically begins as a small business, such as a startup company, offering a product, process or service for sale or hire, and the people who do so are called 'entrepreneurs'.[1] It has been defined as the "...capacity and willingness to develop, organize, and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. While definitions of entrepreneurship typically focus on the launching and running of businesses, due to the high risks involved in launching a start-up, a significant proportion of businesses have to close, due to a "...lack of funding, bad business decisions, an economic crisis -- or a combination of all of these" or due to lack of market demand. In the 2000s, the definition of "entrepreneurship" has been expanded to explain how and why some individuals (or teams) identify opportunities, evaluate them as viable, and then decide to exploit them, whereas others do not, and, in turn, how entrepreneurs use these opportunities to develop new products or services, launch new firms or even new industries and create wealth. Recent advances stress the fundamentally uncertain nature of the entrepreneurial process, because although opportunities exist their existence cannot be discovered or identified prior to their actualization into profits . What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital.
Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as "a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk". "Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a small business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea, or good or service offered for sale. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a business leader and innovator of new ideas and business processes." Entrepreneurs tend to be good at perceiving new business opportunities and they often exhibit positive biases in their perception (i.e., a bias towards finding new possibilities and seeing unmet market needs) and a pro-risk-taking attitude that makes them more likely to exploit the opportunity.
An entrepreneur is typically in control of a commercial undertaking, directing the factors of production–the human, financial and material resources–that are required to exploit a business opportunity. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual (or team) identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. The exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities may include actions such as developing a business plan, hiring the human resources, acquiring financial and material resources, providing leadership, and being responsible for the venture's success or failure. Economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950) stated that the role of the entrepreneur in the economy is "creative destruction"–launching innovations that simultaneously destroy old industries while ushering in new industries and approaches. For Schumpeter, the changes and "dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur ... the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy."
"Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking. While entrepreneurship is often associated with new, small, for-profit start-ups, entrepreneurial behavior can be seen in small-, medium- and large-sized firms, new and established firms and in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations, including voluntary sector groups, charitable organizations and government. For example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals.
Methods
- Establishing strategies for the firm, including growth and survival strategies
- Maintaining the human resources (recruiting and retaining talented employees and executives)
- Ensuring the availability of required materials (e.g., raw resources used in manufacturing, computer chips, etc.)
- Using that the firm has one or more unique competitive advantages
- Ensuring good organizational design, sound governance and organizational coordination
- Congruency with the culture of the society
Market
- Business-to-business (B2B) or business-to-consumer (B2C) models can be used
- High growth market
- Target customers or markets that are untapped or missed by others
Industry
- Growing industry
- High technology impact on the industry
- High capital intensity
- Small average incumbent firm size
Team
- Large, gender-diverse and racially diverse team with a range of talents, rather than an individual entrepreneur
- Graduate degrees
- Management experience prior to start-up
- Work experience in the start-up industry
- Employed full-time prior to new venture, as opposed to unemployed
- Prior entrepreneurial experience
- Full-time involvement in the new venture
- Motivated by a range of goals, not just profit
- Number and diversity of team members' social ties and breadth of their business networks
Company
- Written business plan
- Focus on a unified, connected product line or service line
- Competition based on a dimension other than price (e.g., quality or service)
- Early, frequent, intense and well-targeted marketing
- Tight financial controls
- Sufficient start-up and growth capital
- Corporation model, not sole proprietorship
Status
- Wealth can enable an entrepreneur to cover start-up costs and deal with cash flow challenges
- Dominant race, ethnicity, or gender in a socially stratified culture
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